TrueTravelCost
Vehicle journey cost comparison
Munich to Milan · 493 km · one-way
- Vehicle A BMW 320d, diesel
- Vehicle B Volkswagen ID.4 Pro, battery electric
- Vehicle C Toyota Corolla Hybrid 1.8, petrol hybrid
Example report All figures in this report are fictional and for illustration only.
Summary of resultsMunich to Milan · 493 km
The Toyota Corolla Hybrid has the lowest true cost: €179.85 for the journey, or €0.36 per km.
That is €31.17 less than the BMW 320d and €21.48 less than the Volkswagen ID.4
on a single one-way trip. Across 12 round trips a year the gap to the
cheapest vehicle is €748.08 for the BMW and €515.52 for the ID.4.
True cost per journey
| Vehicle |
Fuel or energy only |
True journey cost |
Cost per km |
| A · BMW 320d |
€51.11 |
€211.02 |
€0.43 |
| B · Volkswagen ID.4 Pro |
€41.41 |
€201.33 |
€0.41 |
| C · Toyota Corolla Hybrid |
€48.04 |
€179.85 |
€0.36 |
Fuel cost compared with true cost
C · Toyota Corolla Hybrid
What this shows
- Judged on fuel alone, the electric ID.4 is cheapest. On true cost it is second, because tyre wear and depreciation are higher.
- Fuel or energy is only 21% to 27% of the true cost of this journey.
- Tolls (€48.00) are the same for all three vehicles, so they do not change the ranking.
- The ranking holds under the price and depreciation changes tested on page 6.
Journey and assumptionsMunich to Milan · 493 km
The journey
The same journey is used for every vehicle, so the results are directly comparable.
| Route | Munich to Milan |
| Distance | 493 km one-way (986 km round trip) |
| Journey type | One-way, with round-trip and annual figures on page 6 |
| Tolls and charges | €48.00 per one-way journey, standard car class, applied equally to all vehicles |
| Price date | 29 September 2026 (illustrative) |
The vehicles and inputs
Every number used in the calculations on page 5 comes from this table.
| Input |
A · BMW 320d |
B · VW ID.4 Pro |
C · Corolla Hybrid |
| Energy type |
Diesel |
Electricity |
Petrol (hybrid) |
| ConsumptionReal-world, mixed motorway |
6.4 L/100 km |
20.0 kWh/100 km |
5.6 L/100 km |
| Energy price |
€1.62 per L |
€0.42 per kWh40% home at €0.30, 60% public at €0.50 |
€1.74 per L |
| MaintenanceServicing and repairs |
€640 per 10,000 km |
€420 per 10,000 km |
€500 per 10,000 km |
| TyresCost of a set and expected life |
€780 per set, 30,000 km |
€900 per set, 30,000 km |
€660 per set, 30,000 km |
| Purchase price |
€46,000 |
€52,000 |
€30,000 |
| Mileage-related depreciationValue lost per 100,000 km driven |
€13,700 |
€15,500 |
€9,800 |
Included in the report: energy, tolls, maintenance, tyres and mileage-related depreciation.
Not included: insurance, road tax, financing, parking and any costs that do not change with distance driven.
Cost breakdownMunich to Milan · 493 km
Estimated true travel cost
Per one-way journey, in euros.
| Cost |
A · BMW 320d |
B · VW ID.4 Pro |
C · Corolla Hybrid |
| Fuel or energy | 51.11 | 41.41 | 48.04 |
| Tolls | 48.00 | 48.00 | 48.00 |
| Maintenance | 31.55 | 20.71 | 24.65 |
| Tyres | 12.82 | 14.79 | 10.85 |
| Depreciation and vehicle wear | 67.54 | 76.42 | 48.31 |
| Total estimated journey cost | 211.02 | 201.33 | 179.85 |
| Estimated cost per km | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.36 |
Where the money goes
C · Toyota Corolla Hybrid
- Fuel or energy
- Tolls
- Maintenance
- Tyres
- Depreciation
Reading the breakdown
- Depreciation is the largest single cost for all three vehicles, and the gap between vehicles is widest there.
- The ID.4 spends least on maintenance and energy, but its higher purchase price and heavier tyre wear cancel that out.
- Rounded figures may differ from the totals by one cent.
How each figure was calculatedMunich to Milan · 493 km
Calculation worksheet
Each line shows the working, then the result. Distance is written as 4.93
(493 km ÷ 100) where a figure is quoted per 100 km.
| Cost and formula |
A · BMW 320d |
B · VW ID.4 Pro |
C · Corolla Hybrid |
| Fuel or energydistance ÷ 100 × consumption × price |
4.93 × 6.4 L × €1.62€51.11 |
4.93 × 20.0 kWh × €0.42€41.41 |
4.93 × 5.6 L × €1.74€48.04 |
| Tollspublished tariff for the route and vehicle class |
route tariff€48.00 |
route tariff€48.00 |
route tariff€48.00 |
| Maintenancedistance × (maintenance cost ÷ 10,000 km) |
493 × €0.064€31.55 |
493 × €0.042€20.71 |
493 × €0.050€24.65 |
| Tyresdistance × (set price ÷ tyre life in km) |
493 × (€780 ÷ 30,000)€12.82 |
493 × (€900 ÷ 30,000)€14.79 |
493 × (€660 ÷ 30,000)€10.85 |
| Depreciationdistance × (value lost per 100,000 km ÷ 100,000) |
493 × (€13,700 ÷ 100,000)€67.54 |
493 × (€15,500 ÷ 100,000)€76.42 |
493 × (€9,800 ÷ 100,000)€48.31 |
| Total journey costsum of the five lines above |
51.11 + 48.00 + 31.55 + 12.82 + 67.54€211.02 |
41.41 + 48.00 + 20.71 + 14.79 + 76.42€201.33 |
48.04 + 48.00 + 24.65 + 10.85 + 48.31€179.85 |
| Cost per kmtotal ÷ distance |
211.02 ÷ 493€0.43 |
201.33 ÷ 493€0.41 |
179.85 ÷ 493€0.36 |
Why each method was chosen
Fuel or energy. Uses real-world consumption rather than the official test figure, because motorway driving with a full load uses more energy than the laboratory cycle.
Maintenance and tyres. Both wear with distance, so they are charged per kilometre driven rather than per year.
Depreciation. Only the value lost through mileage is charged to the journey. Value lost through age alone would be lost whether or not the trip was made, so it is left out.
Tolls. Taken from the published tariff for the route and vehicle class. If no toll is known for a route, it is treated as €0.00.
Regular journeys and sensitivityMunich to Milan · 493 km
What if this wasn't a one-off trip?
The same journey looks different when repeated. Here it is made as a round trip, once a month.
| Period |
A · BMW 320d |
B · VW ID.4 Pro |
C · Corolla Hybrid |
| One-way journey493 km | €211.02 | €201.33 | €179.85 |
| Round tripone-way × 2 (986 km) | €422.04 | €402.66 | €359.70 |
| Per year, 12 round tripsround trip × 12 (11,832 km) | €5,064.48 | €4,831.92 | €4,316.40 |
| Extra cost per year compared with the cheapest | +€748.08 | +€515.52 | – |
Tolls are assumed to be the same in both directions.
How sure is the ranking?
Prices and depreciation are the least certain inputs. The table shows the true
cost per one-way journey if each turned out differently.
| Scenario |
A · BMW 320d |
B · VW ID.4 Pro |
C · Corolla Hybrid |
| Report figures | €211.02 | €201.33 | €179.85 |
| Fuel and energy prices 10% highereach fuel or energy line × 1.10 |
€216.13 | €205.47 | €184.65 |
| Depreciation 20% lowereach depreciation line × 0.80 |
€197.51 | €186.05 | €170.19 |
In both scenarios the Corolla Hybrid remains cheapest and the order of the
three vehicles does not change.
Methodology and limitationsMunich to Milan · 493 km
Data sources
In a live report each input is tagged with where it came from and the date it was retrieved.
| Input | Source |
| Vehicle specification | Vehicle database entry for the chosen make, model, engine and trim |
| Consumption | Manufacturer figures adjusted to real-world motorway driving |
| Fuel and electricity prices | Average prices for the route's country on the price date |
| Tolls and charges | Published tariffs for the route and vehicle class |
| Maintenance, tyres and depreciation | Typical per-kilometre rates for the vehicle type and age |
| Distance | Routing service, fastest driving route |
Limitations
- Fuel consumption changes with traffic, weather, speed, load and driving style.
- Maintenance and tyre costs vary by garage, region and how the vehicle is driven.
- Future depreciation cannot be known with certainty. The report uses an estimate of value lost through mileage.
- Insurance, road tax, financing and parking are not part of this report.
- Prices change. Figures are correct for the price date shown on page 3.
Estimates are not guarantees. This report is an estimate based on
the information and assumptions stated in it. It is provided for information only
and is not financial advice. Full methodology:
truetravelcost.com/methodology